- (a) Amount of damages
Except as otherwise provided by this section, any debt collector who fails to
comply with any provision of this subchapter with respect to any person is liable to such person in an amount equal to the sum of -
- (1) any actual damage sustained by such person as a result of such failure;
- (2)(A) in the case of any action by an individual, such additional damages as
the court may allow, but not exceeding $1,000; or
- (B) in the case of a class action, (i) such amount for each named plaintiff
as could be recovered under subparagraph (A), and (ii) such amount as the court may allow for all other class members, without regard to a minimum individual recovery, not to exceed the lesser of $500,000 or 1 per centum of the net worth of the debt collector; and
- (3) in the case of any successful action to enforce the foregoing liability,
the costs of the action, together with a reasonable attorney's fee as determined by the court. On a finding by the court that an action under this section was brought in bad faith and for the purpose of harassment, the court may award to the defendant attorney's fees reasonable in relation to the work expended and costs.
- (b) Factors considered by court
In determining the amount of liability in any action under subsection (a) of
this section, the court shall consider, among other relevant factors -
- (1) in any individual action under subsection (a)(2)(A) of this section, the
frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature of such noncompliance, and the extent to which such noncompliance was intentional; or
- (2) in any class action under subsection (a)(2)(B) of this section, the
frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature of such noncompliance, the resources of the debt collector, the number of persons adversely affected, and the extent to which the debt collector's noncompliance was intentional.
- (c) Intent
A debt collector may not be held liable in any action brought under this
subchapter if the debt collector shows by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.
- (d) Jurisdiction
An action to enforce any liability created by this subchapter may be brought
in any appropriate United States district court without regard to the amount in controversy, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, within one year from the date on which the violation occurs.
- (e) Advisory opinions of Commission
No provision of this section imposing any liability shall apply to any act
done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any advisory opinion of the Commission, notwithstanding that after such act or omission has occurred, such opinion is amended, rescinded, or determined by judicial or other authority to be invalid for any reason.